2025.06.20
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) are a vital component of our immune system, consisting of specialized cells like T and B lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells[1]. Produced from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, PBMCs serve as sentinel tissues that protect the body from pathogens and reflect whole-body physiological changes, making them indispensable in biomedical research for studying immune responses to infections, disease progression, and therapeutic development, including vaccine design[1][2][3]. Their role extends beyond defense; PBMCs offer a convenient and comprehensive snapshot of immune status, enabling non-invasive monitoring of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), rheumatoid conditions, and cancer through liquid biopsies[3][4][5].
The complexity of PBMC subpopulations is key to understanding immune dysregulation in various diseases. For instance, in AD, studies have revealed alterations in adaptive immunity, with PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint interactions involving PBMC subpopulations potentially attenuating T-cell activation[6]. Similarly, in autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, shifts in PBMC subpopulations—such as changes in T-cell fractions, NK cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells—serve as biomarkers for disease activity[7][8]. Research on HIV-1 has shown that PBMC subpopulations harbor heterogeneous proviral reservoirs in CD4+ T-cells, informing antiretroviral therapy strategies[9]. Advanced methods like flow cytometry, gene expression analysis, and single-cell RNA sequencing have elucidated these dynamics, revealing transcription factor upregulation and mitochondrial bioenergetic changes that correlate with disease stages[10][4][11]. For example, in Parkinsonism-progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), NLR calculations and mitochondrial assessments in PBMCs help predict neurological deficits[11].
Translating PBMC research into clinical applications involves innovative approaches. Techniques such as automated PBMC isolation using magnetic beads have extended processing times from hours to days, enhancing diagnostic tools like the T-SPOT.test for pathogen detection[12]. Moreover, PBMC-derived cells are leveraged in immunotherapy, including CAR-T cell manufacturing for cancer treatment, where cryopreserved PBMCs undergo CD3 T-cell isolation to improve therapeutic efficacy[13]. Studies also demonstrate PBMCs' potential in modulating microglia polarization and peripheral T-cell distribution in stroke models, highlighting their therapeutic role in conditions like diabetes-exacerbated neural damage[14]. By analyzing chromatin organization in PBMCs, researchers can predict tumor prognosis and treatment responses, underscoring their value as liquid biopsy biomarkers[5].
In conclusion, PBMC subpopulations provide a window into the immune system's intricacies, driving breakthroughs in disease diagnosis, monitoring, and personalized therapy. As research advances, PBMCs continue to prove their worth as accessible, versatile tools for unraveling immune health challenges and paving the way for novel interventions.
Reference：
1.Single cell transcriptome sequencing of stimulated and frozen human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
2.The physical exercise-induced oxidative/inflammatory response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells Signaling cellular energetic stress situations.
3.Strategy for Microscale Extraction and Proteome Profiling of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.
4.Deciphering Immunosenescence From Child to Frailty Transcriptional Changes Inflammation Dynamics and Adaptive Immune Alterations.
5.Imaging and AI based chromatin biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy evaluation from liquid biopsies.
6.Potential PD-L1 expressing cytotoxic T-cell immunopathology in Alzheimer disease.
7.Immunometabolic changes and potential biomarkers in CFS peripheral immune cells revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing.
8.Advanced immunophenotyping A powerful tool for immune profiling drug screening and a personalized treatment approach.
9.Atlas of the HIV-1 Reservoir in Peripheral CD4 T Cells of Individuals on Successful Antiretroviral Therapy.
10.Pregnancy-Induced Changes in microRNA Expression in Multiple Sclerosis.
11.Immunometabolic Signature and Tauopathy Markers in Blood Cells of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.
12.Novel Automation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Spot Assay Testing Method Comparable Diagnostic Performance of the T-SPOT. Test Using Manual Density Gradient Cell Isolation versus Automated Positive Selection with the T-Cell Kit.
13.A simple and effective method to purify and activate T cells for successful generation of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells from patients with high monocyte count.
14.Effect and Mechanism of Sodium Butyrate on Neuronal Recovery and Prognosis in Diabetic Stroke.
15.Surgery/anesthesia may cause monocytes to promote tumor development.
16.Intrauterine administration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells helps manage recurrent implantation failure by normalizing dysregulated gene expression including estrogen-responsive genes in mice.
17.Characterizing CD38 expression in terminally differentiated B cells using variable lymphocyte receptor B tetramers.
18.Comparative transcriptome analysis of T lymphocyte subpopulations and identification of critical regulators defining porcine thymocyte identity.
19.Shear stress unveils patient-specific transcriptional signatures in PAH Towards personalized molecular diagnostics.
20.A fully automated Lab-on-a-Disc platform integrated a high-speed triggered siphon valve for PBMCs extraction.
21.A decrease in functional microbiomes represented as affects immune homeostasis in long-term stable liver transplant patients.
22.Role of CD14+ monocyte-derived oxidised mitochondrial DNA in the inflammatory interferon type 1 signature in juvenile dermatomyositis.
23.Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Inhibit CD4+ T Cell Proliferation and Induce Regulatory T Cells as Well as CD127 Expression on CD4+CD25+ T Cells.
24.Prenatal dexamethasone exposure impairs rat blood-testis barrier function and sperm quality in adult offspring via GR/KDM1B/FSTL3/TGFβ signaling.
